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Advanced Audio Coding

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding-bottom: 0.15em;">Advanced Audio Coding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.3gp, .aac, .adif, .adts, .m4a, .m4b, .m4p, .m4r, .mp4</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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audio/aac audio/aacp audio/3gpp audio/3gpp2 audio/mp4 audio/mp4a-latm audio/mpeg4-generic</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><a href="AT%26T_Labs" title="AT&T Labs">AT&T Labs</a>, <a href="Dolby_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby Laboratories">Dolby Laboratories</a>, <a href="Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer Society</a>, <a href="Sony_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Corporation">Sony Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">December 1997 (1997-12)<a href="#cite_note-iso13818-7-1997-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">ISO/IEC 14496-3:2019 December 2019 (2019-12) </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Type of format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><a href="Lossy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy">Lossy</a> <a href="Audio_file_format" title="Audio file format">audio</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Contained by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><a href="MPEG-4_Part_14" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">MPEG-4 Part 14</a>, <a href="3GP_and_3G2" title="3GP and 3G2">3GP and 3G2</a>, <a href="ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">ISO base media file format</a> and Audio Data Interchange Format (ADIF)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="International_standard" title="International standard">Standard</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><a href="ISO/IEC_13818-7" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 13818-7">ISO/IEC 13818-7</a>, <a href="ISO/IEC_14496-3" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 14496-3">ISO/IEC 14496-3</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open format</a>?</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="Open_standard#Comparison_of_definitions" title="Open standard">Free format</a>?</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">No<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) is an <a href="Audio_coding_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio coding standard">audio coding standard</a> for <a href="Lossy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy">lossy</a> <a href="Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> <a href="Audio_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio data compression">compression</a>. It was developed by <a href="Dolby" title="Dolby">Dolby</a>, <a href="AT%26T_Labs" title="AT&T Labs">AT&T</a>, <a href="Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer</a> and <a href="Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> originally as part of the <a href="MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> specification but later improved under <a href="MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MPEG-4</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mpeg2-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-mpeg4-7">[7]</a> AAC was designed to be the successor of the <a href="MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> format (MPEG-2 Audio Layer III) and generally achieves higher sound quality than MP3 at the same <a href="Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit rate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brandenburg-8">[8]</a> AAC encoded audio files are typically packaged in an <a href="MPEG-4_Part_14" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">MP4</a> <a href="Container_format" title="Container format">container</a> most commonly using the <a href="Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">filename extension</a> <code>.m4a</code>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

The basic profile of AAC (both MPEG-4 and MPEG-2) is called AAC-LC (Low Complexity). It is widely supported in the industry and has been adopted as the default or standard audio format on products including <a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a>, <a href="Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>'s <a href="Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="Nintendo_DSi" title="Nintendo DSi">DSi</a> and <a href="Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">3DS</a> and <a href="Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>'s <a href="PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> It is also further supported on various other devices and software such as <a href="IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>, <a href="IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a>, <a href="PlayStation_Portable" title="PlayStation Portable">PlayStation Portable</a> and <a href="PlayStation_Vita" title="PlayStation Vita">Vita</a>, <a href="PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a>, <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> and older cell phones,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> digital audio players like <a href="Sony_Walkman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Walkman">Sony Walkman</a> and <a href="SanDisk_Clip" class="mw-redirect" title="SanDisk Clip">SanDisk Clip</a>, media players such as <a href="VLC_media_player" title="VLC media player">VLC</a>, <a href="Winamp" title="Winamp">Winamp</a> and <a href="Windows_Media_Player" title="Windows Media Player">Windows Media Player</a>, various in-dash <a href="Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">car audio</a> systems,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and is used on <a href="Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="Apple_Music" title="Apple Music">Apple Music</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a> and <a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> web streaming services.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> AAC has been further extended into <a href="HE-AAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HE-AAC">HE-AAC</a> (High Efficiency, or AAC+), which improves efficiency over AAC-LC.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> Another variant is <a href="AAC-LD" title="AAC-LD">AAC-LD</a> (Low Delay).<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a>

AAC supports inclusion of 48 full-<a href="Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> (up to 96 kHz) <a href="Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">audio channels</a> in one stream plus 16 low frequency effects (<a href="Low-frequency_effects" title="Low-frequency effects">LFE</a>, limited to 120 Hz) channels, up to 16 "coupling" or dialog channels, and up to 16 data streams. The quality for stereo is satisfactory to modest requirements at 96 kbit/s in <a href="Joint_stereo" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint stereo">joint stereo</a> mode; however, <a href="Transparency_(data_compression)" title="Transparency (data compression)">hi-fi transparency</a> demands data rates of at least 128 kbit/s (<a href="Variable_bitrate" title="Variable bitrate">VBR</a>). Tests of MPEG-4 audio have shown that AAC meets the requirements referred to as "transparent" for the <a href="ITU" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU">ITU</a> at 128 kbit/s for stereo, and 384 kbit/s for <a href="5.1" class="mw-redirect" title="5.1">5.1</a> audio.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> AAC uses only a <a href="Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">modified discrete cosine transform</a> (MDCT) algorithm, giving it higher compression efficiency than MP3, which uses a hybrid coding algorithm that is part MDCT and part <a href="FFT" class="mw-redirect" title="FFT">FFT</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brandenburg-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div>

The <a href="Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">discrete cosine transform</a> (DCT), a type of <a href="Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">transform coding</a> for <a href="Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy compression</a>, was proposed by <a href="N._Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Ahmed">Nasir Ahmed</a> in 1972, and developed by Ahmed with T. Natarajan and <a href="K._R._Rao" title="K. R. Rao">K. R. Rao</a> in 1973, publishing their results in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-pubDCT-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-pubRaoYip-23">[22]</a> This led to the development of the <a href="Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">modified discrete cosine transform</a> (MDCT), proposed by J. P. Princen, A. W. Johnson and A. B. Bradley in 1987,<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> following earlier work by Princen and Bradley in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The <a href="MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> <a href="Audio_coding_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio coding standard">audio coding standard</a> introduced in 1992 used a hybrid coding algorithm that is part MDCT and part <a href="FFT" class="mw-redirect" title="FFT">FFT</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guckert-26">[25]</a> AAC uses a purely MDCT algorithm, giving it higher compression efficiency than MP3.<a href="#cite_note-brandenburg-8">[8]</a> Development further advanced when <a href="Lars_Liljeryd" title="Lars Liljeryd">Lars Liljeryd</a> introduced a method that radically shrank the amount of information needed to store the digitized form of a song or speech.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a>

AAC was developed with the cooperation between <a href="AT%26T_Labs" title="AT&T Labs">AT&T Labs</a>, <a href="Dolby" title="Dolby">Dolby</a>, <a href="Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer IIS</a> (who developed MP3) and <a href="Sony" title="Sony">Sony Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a> AAC was officially declared an international standard by the <a href="Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">Moving Picture Experts Group</a> in April 1997. It is specified both as Part 7 of the MPEG-2 standard, and Subpart 4 in Part 3 of the MPEG-4 standard.<a href="#cite_note-mpeg4audio-version4-2009-28">[27]</a> Further companies have contributed to development in later years including <a href="Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, <a href="LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG Electronics</a>, <a href="NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>, <a href="Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>, <a href="Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>, <a href="ETRI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETRI">ETRI</a>, <a href="JVC_Kenwood" class="mw-redirect" title="JVC Kenwood">JVC Kenwood</a>, <a href="Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, and <a href="Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aac-licensors-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-businesswire-30">[29]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardization">Standardization</h3></div>

In 1997, AAC was first introduced as MPEG-2 Part 7, formally known as <a href="ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>/<a href="IEC" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC">IEC</a> 13818-7:1997. This part of MPEG-2 was a new part, since MPEG-2 already included MPEG-2 Part 3, formally known as ISO/IEC 13818-3: MPEG-2 BC (Backwards Compatible).<a href="#cite_note-mpeg-bc-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-iso13818-7-2006-pdf-32">[31]</a> Therefore, MPEG-2 Part 7 is also known as MPEG-2 NBC (Non-Backward Compatible), because it is not compatible with the <a href="MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a> audio formats (<a href="MP1" class="mw-redirect" title="MP1">MP1</a>, <a href="MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MP2</a> and <a href="MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>).<a href="#cite_note-mpeg-bc-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-mpeg-audio-faq-bc-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-mpeg-audio-florence-35">[34]</a>

MPEG-2 Part 7 defined three profiles: Low-Complexity profile (AAC-LC / LC-AAC), Main profile (AAC Main) and Scalable Sampling Rate profile (AAC-SSR). AAC-LC profile consists of a base format very much like AT&T's Perceptual Audio Coding (PAC) coding format,<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> with the addition of <a href="Temporal_noise_shaping" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal noise shaping">temporal noise shaping</a> (TNS),<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> the <a href="Kaiser_window" title="Kaiser window">Kaiser window</a> (described below), a nonuniform <a href="Quantizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantizer">quantizer</a>, and a reworking of the bitstream format to handle up to 16 stereo channels, 16 mono channels, 16 low-frequency effect (LFE) channels and 16 commentary channels in one bitstream. The Main profile adds a set of recursive predictors that are calculated on each tap of the filterbank. The SSR uses a 4-band PQMF filterbank, with four shorter filterbanks following, in order to allow for scalable sampling rates.

In 1999, MPEG-2 Part 7 was updated and included in the MPEG-4 family of standards and became known as <a href="MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">MPEG-4 Part 3</a>, MPEG-4 Audio or ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999. This update included several improvements. One of these improvements was the addition of <a href="MPEG-4_Part_3#MPEG-4_Audio_Object_Types" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">Audio Object Types</a> which are used to allow interoperability with a diverse range of other audio formats such as <a href="TwinVQ" title="TwinVQ">TwinVQ</a>, <a href="CELP" class="mw-redirect" title="CELP">CELP</a>, <a href="HVXC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVXC">HVXC</a>, <a href="Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">speech synthesis</a> and <a href="MPEG-4_Structured_Audio" title="MPEG-4 Structured Audio">MPEG-4 Structured Audio</a>. Another notable addition in this version of the AAC standard is Perceptual Noise Substitution (PNS). In that regard, the AAC profiles (AAC-LC, AAC Main and AAC-SSR profiles) are combined with perceptual noise substitution and are defined in the MPEG-4 audio standard as Audio Object Types.<a href="#cite_note-mpeg4audio-profiles-40">[39]</a> MPEG-4 Audio Object Types are combined in four MPEG-4 Audio profiles: Main (which includes most of the MPEG-4 Audio Object Types), Scalable (AAC LC, AAC LTP, CELP, HVXC, TwinVQ, Wavetable Synthesis, TTSI), Speech (CELP, HVXC, TTSI) and Low Rate Synthesis (Wavetable Synthesis, TTSI).<a href="#cite_note-mpeg4audio-profiles-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-mpeg4audio-version1-draft-41">[40]</a>

The reference software for MPEG-4 Part 3 is specified in MPEG-4 Part 5 and the conformance bit-streams are specified in MPEG-4 Part 4. MPEG-4 Audio remains <a href="Backward-compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Backward-compatible">backward-compatible</a> with MPEG-2 Part 7.<a href="#cite_note-mpeg4audio-mpeg2audio-42">[41]</a>

The MPEG-4 Audio Version 2 (ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999/Amd 1:2000) defined new audio object types: the low delay AAC (<a href="AAC-LD" title="AAC-LD">AAC-LD</a>) object type, bit-sliced arithmetic coding (BSAC) object type, parametric audio coding using <a href="Harmonic_and_Individual_Lines_and_Noise" title="Harmonic and Individual Lines and Noise">harmonic and individual line plus noise</a> and error resilient (ER) versions of object types.<a href="#cite_note-mpeg4audio-iso-2-amd-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-mpeg4audio-version2-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-mpeg4audio2-45">[44]</a> It also defined four new audio profiles: High Quality Audio Profile, Low Delay Audio Profile, Natural Audio Profile and Mobile Audio Internetworking Profile.<a href="#cite_note-mpeg4-profiles-46">[45]</a>

The <a href="HE-AAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HE-AAC">HE-AAC</a> Profile (AAC LC with <a href="Spectral_band_replication" title="Spectral band replication">SBR</a>) and AAC Profile (AAC LC) were first standardized in ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd 1:2003.<a href="#cite_note-he-aac-amd1-47">[46]</a> The HE-AAC v2 Profile (AAC LC with SBR and Parametric Stereo) was first specified in ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005/Amd 2:2006.<a href="#cite_note-mpeg4audio-n7016-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISO_14496-3:2005/Amd.2-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-embedded-50">[49]</a> The Parametric Stereo audio object type used in HE-AAC v2 was first defined in ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd 2:2004.<a href="#cite_note-CT-whitepaper-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-parametric-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-3gpp26401-53">[52]</a>

The current version of the AAC standard is defined in ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009.<a href="#cite_note-mpeg4audio-2009-54">[53]</a>

AAC+ v2 is also standardized by <a href="ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a> (<a href="European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute" title="European Telecommunications Standards Institute">European Telecommunications Standards Institute</a>) as TS 102005.<a href="#cite_note-CT-whitepaper-51">[50]</a>

The <a href="MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">MPEG-4 Part 3</a> standard also contains other ways of compressing sound. These include lossless compression formats, synthetic audio and low bit-rate compression formats generally used for speech.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AAC's_improvements_over_MP3">AAC's improvements over MP3</h3></div>

Advanced Audio Coding is designed to be the successor of the <a href="MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_3" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3">MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3</a>, known as MP3 format, which was specified by <a href="ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>/<a href="IEC" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC">IEC</a> in 11172-3 (<a href="MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a> Audio) and 13818-3 (<a href="MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> Audio).

Improvements include:

<ul><li>more <a href="Sample_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample rate">sample rates</a> (from 8 to 96 <a href="KHz" class="mw-redirect" title="KHz">kHz</a>) than MP3 (16 to 48 kHz);</li>

<li>up to 48 channels (MP3 supports up to two channels in MPEG-1 mode and up to <a href="5.1" class="mw-redirect" title="5.1">5.1</a> channels in MPEG-2 mode);</li>

<li>arbitrary <a href="Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit rates</a> and variable frame length. Standardized constant bit rate with bit reservoir;</li>

<li>higher efficiency and simpler <a href="Filter_bank" title="Filter bank">filter bank</a>. AAC uses a pure <a href="MDCT" class="mw-redirect" title="MDCT">MDCT</a> (modified discrete cosine transform), rather than MP3's hybrid coding (which was part MDCT and part <a href="FFT" class="mw-redirect" title="FFT">FFT</a>);</li>

<li>higher coding efficiency for <a href="Stationary_process" title="Stationary process">stationary signals</a> (AAC uses a blocksize of 1024 or 960 samples, allowing more efficient coding than MP3's 576 sample blocks);</li>

<li>higher coding accuracy for <a href="Transient_(acoustics)" title="Transient (acoustics)">transient signals</a> (AAC uses a blocksize of 128 or 120 samples, allowing more accurate coding than MP3's 192 sample blocks);</li>

<li>possibility to use <a href="Kaiser_window" title="Kaiser window">Kaiser-Bessel derived</a> window function to eliminate <a href="Spectral_leakage" title="Spectral leakage">spectral leakage</a> at the expense of widening the main lobe;</li>

<li>much better handling of audio frequencies above 16 kHz;</li>

<li>more flexible <a href="Joint_stereo" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint stereo">joint stereo</a> (different methods can be used in different frequency ranges);</li>

<li>additional modules (tools) added to increase compression efficiency: <a href="Noise_shaping" title="Noise shaping">TNS</a>, backwards prediction, perceptual noise substitution (PNS), etc. These modules can be combined to constitute different encoding profiles.</li></ul>

Overall, the AAC format allows developers more flexibility to design codecs than MP3 does, and corrects many of the design choices made in the original MPEG-1 audio specification. This increased flexibility often leads to more concurrent encoding strategies and, as a result, to more efficient compression. This is especially true at very low bit rates where the superior stereo coding, pure MDCT, and better transform window sizes leave MP3 unable to compete.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption">Adoption</h3></div>

While the MP3 format has near-universal hardware and software support, primarily because MP3 was the format of choice during the crucial first few years of widespread music <a href="File-sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="File-sharing">file-sharing</a>/distribution over the internet, AAC remained a strong contender due to some unwavering industry support.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Due to MP3's dominance, adoption of AAC was initially slow. The first commercialization was in 1997 when <a href="AT%26T_Labs" title="AT&T Labs">AT&T Labs</a> (a co-owner of AAC patents) launched a digital music store with songs encoded in MPEG-2 AAC.<a href="#cite_note-:2-56">[55]</a> HomeBoy for Windows was one of the earliest available AAC encoders and decoders.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a>

<a href="Dolby_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby Laboratories">Dolby Laboratories</a> came in charge of AAC licensing in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-:2-56">[55]</a> A new licensing model was launched by Dolby in 2002, while <a href="Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> became a fifth co-licenser of the format.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Dolby itself also marketed its own coding format, <a href="Dolby_AC-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby AC-3">Dolby AC-3</a>.

Nokia started supporting AAC playback on devices as early as 2001,<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> but it was the exclusive use of AAC by Apple Computer for their <a href="ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a> which accelerated attention to AAC. Soon the format was also supported by Sony for their <a href="PlayStation_Portable" title="PlayStation Portable">PlayStation Portable</a> (albeit Sony continued promoting its proprietary <a href="ATRAC" title="ATRAC">ATRAC</a>), and music-oriented cell phones from <a href="Sony_Ericsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Ericsson">Sony Ericsson</a> beginning with the <a href="Sony_Ericsson_W800" title="Sony Ericsson W800">Sony Ericsson W800</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> The <a href="Windows_Media_Audio" title="Windows Media Audio">Windows Media Audio</a> (WMA) format, from Microsoft, was considered to be AAC's main competitor.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a>

By 2017, AAC was considered to have become a de facto industry standard for lossy audio.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functionality">Functionality</h2></div>

AAC is a <a href="Wideband_audio" title="Wideband audio">wideband audio</a> coding algorithm that exploits two primary coding strategies to dramatically reduce the amount of data needed to represent high-quality digital audio:

<ul><li>Signal components that are perceptually irrelevant are discarded.</li>

<li>Redundancies in the coded audio signal are eliminated.</li></ul>

The actual encoding process consists of the following steps:

<ul><li>The signal is converted from time-domain to frequency-domain using forward <a href="Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT)</a>. This is done by using filter banks that take an appropriate number of time samples and convert them to frequency samples.</li>

<li>The frequency domain signal is quantized based on a <a href="Psychoacoustic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoacoustic">psychoacoustic</a> model and encoded.</li>

<li>Internal error correction codes are added.</li>

<li>The signal is stored or transmitted.</li>

<li>In order to prevent corrupt samples, a modern implementation of the <a href="Luhn_mod_N_algorithm" title="Luhn mod N algorithm">Luhn mod N algorithm</a> is applied to each frame.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></li></ul>

The <a href="MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MPEG-4</a> audio standard does not define a single or small set of highly efficient compression schemes but rather a complex toolbox to perform a wide range of operations from low bit rate speech coding to high-quality audio coding and music synthesis.

<ul><li>The <a href="MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MPEG-4</a> audio coding algorithm family spans the range from low bit rate speech encoding (down to 2 kbit/s) to high-quality audio coding (at 64 kbit/s per channel and higher).</li>

<li>AAC offers sampling frequencies between 8 kHz and 96 kHz and any number of channels between 1 and 48.</li>

<li>In contrast to MP3's hybrid filter bank, AAC uses the modified discrete cosine transform (<a href="MDCT" class="mw-redirect" title="MDCT">MDCT</a>) together with the increased window lengths of 1024 or 960 points.</li></ul>

AAC encoders can switch dynamically between a single MDCT block of length 1024 points or 8 blocks of 128 points (or between 960 points and 120 points, respectively).

<ul><li>If a signal change or a transient occurs, 8 shorter windows of 128/120 points each are chosen for their better temporal resolution.</li>

<li>By default, the longer 1024-point/960-point window is otherwise used because the increased frequency resolution allows for a more sophisticated psychoacoustic model, resulting in improved coding efficiency.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modular_encoding">Modular encoding</h3></div>

AAC takes a modular approach to encoding. Depending on the complexity of the bitstream to be encoded, the desired performance and the acceptable output, implementers may create profiles to define which of a specific set of tools they want to use for a particular application.

The MPEG-2 Part 7 standard (Advanced Audio Coding) was first published in 1997 and offers three default profiles:<a href="#cite_note-iso13818-7-1997-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-iso13818-7-2004-pdf-64">[63]</a>

<ul><li>Low Complexity (LC) – the simplest and most widely used and supported</li>

<li>Main Profile (Main) – like the LC profile, with the addition of backwards prediction</li>

<li><a href="MPEG-4_AAC-SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 AAC-SSR">Scalable Sample Rate (SSR)</a> a.k.a. Sample-Rate Scalable (SRS)</li></ul>

The MPEG-4 Part 3 standard (MPEG-4 Audio) defined various new compression tools (a.k.a. <a href="MPEG-4_Part_3#MPEG-4_Audio_Object_Types" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">Audio Object Types</a>) and their usage in brand new profiles. AAC is not used in some of the MPEG-4 Audio profiles. The MPEG-2 Part 7 AAC LC profile, AAC Main profile and AAC SSR profile are combined with Perceptual Noise Substitution and defined in the MPEG-4 Audio standard as Audio Object Types (under the name AAC LC, AAC Main and AAC SSR). These are combined with other Object Types in MPEG-4 Audio profiles.<a href="#cite_note-mpeg4audio-profiles-40">[39]</a> Here is a list of some audio profiles defined in the MPEG-4 standard:<a href="#cite_note-mpeg4audio-n7016-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-fhg-mpeg4audio-65">[64]</a>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="MPEG-4_Part_3#Audio_Profiles" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">MPEG-4 Part 3: Audio Profiles</a></div>

<ul><li>Main Audio Profile – defined in 1999, uses most of the MPEG-4 Audio Object Types (AAC Main, AAC-LC, AAC-SSR, AAC-LTP, AAC Scalable, TwinVQ, CELP, HVXC, TTSI, Main synthesis)</li>

<li>Scalable Audio Profile – defined in 1999, uses AAC-LC, AAC-LTP, AAC Scalable, TwinVQ, CELP, HVXC, TTSI</li>

<li>Speech Audio Profile – defined in 1999, uses CELP, HVXC, TTSI</li>

<li>Synthetic Audio Profile – defined in 1999, TTSI, Main synthesis</li>

<li>High Quality Audio Profile – defined in 2000, uses AAC-LC, AAC-LTP, AAC Scalable, CELP, ER-AAC-LC, ER-AAC-LTP, ER-AAC Scalable, ER-CELP</li>

<li>Low Delay Audio Profile – defined in 2000, uses CELP, HVXC, TTSI, ER-AAC-LD, ER-CELP, ER-HVXC</li>

<li>Low Delay AAC v2 - defined in 2012, uses AAC-LD, AAC-ELD and AAC-ELDv2<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></li>

<li>Mobile Audio Internetworking Profile – defined in 2000, uses ER-AAC-LC, ER-AAC-Scalable, ER-TwinVQ, ER-BSAC, ER-AAC-LD</li>

<li>AAC Profile – defined in 2003, uses AAC-LC</li>

<li>High Efficiency AAC Profile – defined in 2003, uses AAC-LC, SBR</li>

<li>High Efficiency AAC v2 Profile – defined in 2006, uses AAC-LC, SBR, PS</li>

<li>Extended High Efficiency AAC xHE-AAC – defined in 2012, uses <a href="Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding" title="Unified Speech and Audio Coding">USAC</a></li></ul>

One of many improvements in MPEG-4 Audio is an Object Type called Long Term Prediction (LTP), which is an improvement of the Main profile using a forward predictor with lower computational complexity.<a href="#cite_note-mpeg4audio-mpeg2audio-42">[41]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AAC_error_protection_toolkit">AAC error protection toolkit</h3></div>

Applying error protection enables error correction up to a certain extent. Error correcting codes are usually applied equally to the whole payload. However, since different parts of an AAC payload show different sensitivity to transmission errors, this would not be a very efficient approach.

The AAC payload can be subdivided into parts with different error sensitivities.

<ul><li>Independent error correcting codes can be applied to any of these parts using the Error Protection (EP) tool defined in MPEG-4 Audio standard.</li>

<li>This toolkit provides the error correcting capability to the most sensitive parts of the payload in order to keep the additional overhead low.</li>

<li>The toolkit is backwardly compatible with simpler and pre-existing AAC decoders. A great deal of the toolkit's error correction functions are based around spreading information about the audio signal more evenly in the datastream.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Error_Resilient_(ER)_AAC">Error Resilient (ER) AAC</h3></div>

Error Resilience (ER) techniques can be used to make the coding scheme itself more robust against errors.

For AAC, three custom-tailored methods were developed and defined in MPEG-4 Audio

<ul><li>Huffman Codeword Reordering (HCR) to avoid error propagation within spectral data</li>

<li>Virtual Codebooks (VCB11) to detect serious errors within spectral data</li>

<li>Reversible Variable Length Code (RVLC) to reduce error propagation within scale factor data</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AAC_Low_Delay">AAC Low Delay</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="AAC-LD" title="AAC-LD">AAC-LD</a></div>

The audio coding standards MPEG-4 Low Delay (<a href="AAC-LD" title="AAC-LD">AAC-LD</a>), Enhanced Low Delay (AAC-ELD), and Enhanced Low Delay v2 (AAC-ELDv2) as defined in ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009 and ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009/Amd 3 are designed to combine the advantages of perceptual audio coding with the low delay necessary for two-way communication. They are closely derived from the MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) format.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> AAC-ELD is recommended by <a href="GSMA" title="GSMA">GSMA</a> as super-wideband voice codec in the IMS Profile for High Definition Video Conference (HDVC) Service.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing_and_patents">Licensing and patents</h2></div>

No licenses or payments are required for a user to stream or distribute audio in AAC format.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> This reason alone might have made AAC a more attractive format to distribute audio than its predecessor MP3, particularly for streaming audio (such as Internet radio) depending on the use case.

However, a patent license is required for all manufacturers or developers of AAC "end-user" <a href="Codecs" class="mw-redirect" title="Codecs">codecs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> The terms (as disclosed to SEC) uses per-unit pricing. In the case of software, each computer running the software is to be considered a separate "unit".<a href="#cite_note-license-ag-73">[72]</a>

It used to be common for <a href="Free_and_open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and open source software">free and open source software</a> implementations such as <a href="FFmpeg" title="FFmpeg">FFmpeg</a> and <a href="FAAC" title="FAAC">FAAC</a> to only distribute in <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> form so as to not "otherwise supply" an AAC codec. However, FFmpeg has since become more lenient on patent matters: the "gyan.dev" builds recommended by the official site now contain its AAC codec, with the FFmpeg legal page stating that patent law conformance is the user's responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> (See below under Products that support AAC, Software.) The <a href="Fedora_Project" title="Fedora Project">Fedora Project</a>, a community backed by <a href="Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a>, has imported the "Third-Party Modified Version of the Fraunhofer FDK AAC Codec Library for Android" to its repositories on September 25, 2018,<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> and has enabled FFmpeg's native AAC encoder and decoder for its ffmpeg-free package on January 31, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a>

The AAC patent holders include <a href="Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, <a href="Dolby" title="Dolby">Dolby</a>, <a href="ETRI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETRI">ETRI</a>, <a href="Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer</a>, <a href="JVC_Kenwood" class="mw-redirect" title="JVC Kenwood">JVC Kenwood</a>, <a href="LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG Electronics</a>, <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>, <a href="Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a> (and its subsidiary <a href="NTT_Docomo" title="NTT Docomo">NTT Docomo</a>), <a href="Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>, <a href="Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, and <a href="Sony_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Corporation">Sony Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aac-licensors-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-businesswire-30">[29]</a> Based on the list of patents from the SEC terms, the last baseline AAC patent expires in 2028, and the last patent for all AAC extensions mentioned expires in 2031.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extensions_and_improvements">Extensions and improvements</h2></div>

Some extensions have been added to the first AAC standard (defined in MPEG-2 Part 7 in 1997):

<ul><li>Perceptual Noise Substitution (PNS), added in <a href="MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">MPEG-4</a> in 1999. It allows the coding of noise as <a href="Pseudorandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudorandom">pseudorandom</a> data.</li>

<li>Long Term Predictor (LTP), added in MPEG-4 in 1999. It is a forward predictor with lower computational complexity.<a href="#cite_note-mpeg4audio-mpeg2audio-42">[41]</a></li>

<li>Error Resilience (ER), added in MPEG-4 Audio version 2 in 2000, used for transport over error prone channels<a href="#cite_note-mpeg-audio-faq-78">[77]</a></li>

<li><a href="AAC-LD" title="AAC-LD">AAC-LD</a> (Low Delay), defined in 2000, used for real-time conversation applications</li>

<li><a href="High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">High Efficiency AAC</a> (HE-AAC), a.k.a. aacPlus v1 or AAC+, the combination of <a href="Spectral_band_replication" title="Spectral band replication">SBR (Spectral Band Replication)</a> and AAC LC. Used for low bitrates. Defined in 2003.</li>

<li><a href="HE-AAC_v2" class="mw-redirect" title="HE-AAC v2">HE-AAC v2</a>, a.k.a. aacPlus v2, eAAC+ or Enhanced aacPlus, the combination of <a href="Parametric_Stereo" class="mw-redirect" title="Parametric Stereo">Parametric Stereo (PS)</a> and HE-AAC; used for even lower bitrates. Defined in 2004 and 2006.</li>

<li><a href="XHE-AAC" class="mw-redirect" title="XHE-AAC">xHE-AAC</a>, extends the operating range of the codec from 12 to 300 kbit/s.<a href="#cite_note-:1-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-80">[79]</a></li>

<li><a href="MPEG-4_SLS" title="MPEG-4 SLS">MPEG-4 Scalable To Lossless (SLS)</a>, Not yet published,<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> can supplement an AAC stream to provide a lossless decoding option, such as in Fraunhofer IIS's "HD-AAC" product</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Container_formats">Container formats</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="MPEG-4_Part_3#Audio_storage_and_transport" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">MPEG-4 Part 3: Audio storage and transport</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Comparison_of_video_container_formats#Audio_coding_formats_support" title="Comparison of video container formats">Comparison of video container formats § Audio coding formats support</a></div>

In addition to the <a href="MP4" class="mw-redirect" title="MP4">MP4</a>, <a href="3GP" class="mw-redirect" title="3GP">3GP</a> and other container formats based on <a href="ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">ISO base media file format</a> for file storage, AAC audio data was first packaged in a file for the MPEG-2 standard using Audio Data Interchange Format (ADIF),<a href="#cite_note-aes2003-82">[81]</a> consisting of a single header followed by the raw AAC audio data blocks.<a href="#cite_note-diipp-83">[82]</a> However, if the data is to be streamed within an MPEG-2 transport stream, a self-synchronizing format called an Audio Data Transport Stream (ADTS) is used, consisting of a series of frames, each frame having a header followed by the AAC audio data.<a href="#cite_note-aes2003-82">[81]</a> This file and streaming-based format are defined in <a href="MPEG-2_Part_7" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-2 Part 7">MPEG-2 Part 7</a>, but are only considered informative by MPEG-4, so an MPEG-4 decoder does not need to support either format.<a href="#cite_note-aes2003-82">[81]</a> These containers, as well as a raw AAC stream, may bear the .aac file extension. <a href="MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">MPEG-4 Part 3</a> also defines its own self-synchronizing format called a Low Overhead Audio Stream (LOAS) that encapsulates not only AAC, but any MPEG-4 audio compression scheme such as <a href="TwinVQ" title="TwinVQ">TwinVQ</a> and <a href="Audio_Lossless_Coding" title="Audio Lossless Coding">ALS</a>. This format is what was defined for use in DVB transport streams when encoders use either <a href="Spectral_band_replication" title="Spectral band replication">SBR</a> or <a href="Parametric_stereo" title="Parametric stereo">parametric stereo</a> AAC extensions. However, it is restricted to only a single non-multiplexed AAC stream. This format is also referred to as a Low Overhead Audio Transport Multiplex (LATM), which is just an interleaved multiple stream version of a LOAS.<a href="#cite_note-aes2003-82">[81]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encoders_and_decoders">Encoders and decoders</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tools">Tools</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apple_AAC">Apple AAC</h4></div>

<a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s AAC encoder was first part of the <a href="QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a> media framework but is now at Audio Toolbox.

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="FAAC" title="FAAC">FAAC</a></div>

FAAC and FAAD2 stand for Freeware Advanced Audio Coder and Decoder 2 respectively. FAAC supports audio object types LC, Main and LTP.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> FAAD2 supports audio object types LC, Main, LTP, SBR and PS.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Although FAAD2 is <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>, FAAC is not free software.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fraunhofer_FDK_AAC">Fraunhofer FDK AAC</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Fraunhofer_FDK_AAC" title="Fraunhofer FDK AAC">Fraunhofer FDK AAC</a></div>

A <a href="Fraunhofer_IIS" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraunhofer IIS">Fraunhofer</a>-authored open-source encoder/decoder included in <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> has been ported to other platforms. FFmpeg's native AAC encoder does not support HE-AAC and HE-AACv2, but GPL 2.0+ of ffmpeg is not compatible with FDK AAC, hence ffmpeg with libfdk-aac is not redistributable. The QAAC encoder that is using Apple's Core Media Audio is still higher quality than FDK.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FFmpeg_and_Libav">FFmpeg and Libav</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="FAAC#Alternatives_for_AAC_encoding_in_Unix-like_operating_systems" title="FAAC">FAAC § Alternatives for AAC encoding in Unix-like operating systems</a></div>

The native AAC encoder created in <a href="FFmpeg" title="FFmpeg">FFmpeg</a>'s <a href="Libavcodec" title="Libavcodec">libavcodec</a>, and forked with <a href="Libav" class="mw-redirect" title="Libav">Libav</a>, was considered experimental and poor. A significant amount of work was done for the 3.0 release of FFmpeg (February 2016) to make its version usable and competitive with the rest of the AAC encoders.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Libav has not merged this work and continues to use the older version of the AAC encoder. These encoders are <a href="LGPL" class="mw-redirect" title="LGPL">LGPL</a>-licensed open-source and can be built for any platform that the FFmpeg or Libav frameworks can be built.

Both FFmpeg and Libav can use the <a href="Fraunhofer_FDK_AAC" title="Fraunhofer FDK AAC">Fraunhofer FDK AAC</a> library via libfdk-aac, and while the FFmpeg native encoder has become stable and good enough for common use, FDK is still considered the highest quality encoder available for use with FFmpeg.<a href="#cite_note-ffmpegdoc-87">[86]</a> Libav also recommends using FDK AAC if it is available.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> FFmpeg 4.4 and above can also use the Apple audiotoolbox encoder.<a href="#cite_note-ffmpegdoc-87">[86]</a>

Although the native AAC encoder only produces AAC-LC, ffmpeg's native decoder is able to deal with a wide range of input formats.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nero_Digital_Audio">Nero Digital Audio</h4></div>

In May 2006, <a href="Nero_AG" title="Nero AG">Nero AG</a> released an AAC encoding tool free of charge, Nero Digital Audio (the AAC codec portion has become <a href="Nero_AAC_Codec" title="Nero AAC Codec">Nero AAC Codec</a>),<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> which is capable of encoding LC-AAC, HE-AAC and HE-AAC v2 streams. The tool is a command-line interface tool only. A separate utility is also included to decode to PCM <a href="WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a>.

Various tools including the <a href="Foobar2000" title="Foobar2000">foobar2000</a> audio player and <a href="MediaCoder" title="MediaCoder">MediaCoder</a> can provide a <a href="GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a> for this encoder.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_players">Media players</h3></div>

Almost all current computer media players include built-in decoders for AAC, or can utilize a <a href="Library_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Library (computer science)">library</a> to decode it. On <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="DirectShow" title="DirectShow">DirectShow</a> can be used this way with the corresponding filters to enable AAC playback in any <a href="DirectShow" title="DirectShow">DirectShow</a> based player. <a href="Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> supports AAC via the <a href="QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a> libraries. <a href="Adobe_Flash_Player" title="Adobe Flash Player">Adobe Flash Player</a>, since version 9 update 3, can also play back AAC streams.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Since Flash Player is also a browser plugin, it can play AAC files through a browser as well.

The <a href="Rockbox" title="Rockbox">Rockbox</a> <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> <a href="Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> (available for multiple portable players) also offers support for AAC to varying degrees, depending on the model of player and the AAC profile.

Optional iPod support (playback of unprotected AAC files) for the <a href="Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a> is available as a free download from <a href="Xbox_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Live">Xbox Live</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a>

The following is a non-comprehensive list of other software player applications:

<ul><li><a href="3ivx" title="3ivx">3ivx MPEG-4</a>: a suite of DirectShow and QuickTime plugins which support AAC encoding or AAC/ HE-AAC decoding in any DirectShow application</li>

<li><a href="CorePlayer" class="mw-redirect" title="CorePlayer">CorePlayer</a>: also supports LC and HE AAC</li>

<li><a href="Ffdshow" title="Ffdshow">ffdshow</a>: a free <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> <a href="DirectShow" title="DirectShow">DirectShow</a> filter for <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> that uses FAAD2 to support AAC decoding</li>

<li><a href="Foobar2000" title="Foobar2000">foobar2000</a>: a <a href="Freeware" title="Freeware">freeware</a> <a href="Audio_player_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio player (software)">audio player</a> for <a href="Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> that supports LC and HE AAC</li>

<li><a href="KMPlayer" title="KMPlayer">KMPlayer</a></li>

<li><a href="MediaMonkey" title="MediaMonkey">MediaMonkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_Player_Classic#Forks" title="Media Player Classic">Media Player Classic Home Cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="MPlayer" title="MPlayer">MPlayer</a> or <a href="Xine" title="Xine">xine</a>: often used as AAC decoders on <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> or <a href="Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a></li>

<li><a href="MusicBee" title="MusicBee">MusicBee</a>: an advanced music manager and player that also supports encoding and ripping through a plugin</li>

<li><a href="RealPlayer" title="RealPlayer">RealPlayer</a>: includes <a href="RealNetworks" title="RealNetworks">RealNetworks</a>' RealAudio 10 AAC encoder</li>

<li><a href="Songbird_(software)" title="Songbird (software)">Songbird</a>: supports AAC on Windows, Linux and <a href="Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a>, including the DRM rights management encoding used for purchased music from the iTunes Store, with a plug-in</li>

<li><a href="Sonicstage" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonicstage">Sony SonicStage</a></li>

<li><a href="VLC_media_player" title="VLC media player">VLC media player</a>: supports playback and encoding of MP4 and raw AAC files</li>

<li><a href="Winamp" title="Winamp">Winamp</a> for Windows: includes an AAC encoder that supports LC and HE AAC</li>

<li><a href="Windows_Media_Player_12" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Media Player 12">Windows Media Player 12</a>: released with <a href="Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a>, supports playback of AAC files natively</li>

<li>Another Real: <a href="Rhapsody_(online_music_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhapsody (online music service)">Rhapsody</a> supports the RealAudio AAC codec, in addition to offering subscription tracks encoded with AAC</li>

<li><a href="XBMC" class="mw-redirect" title="XBMC">XBMC</a>: supports AAC (both LC and HE).</li>

<li><a href="XMMS" title="XMMS">XMMS</a>: supports MP4 playback using a plugin provided by the faad2 library</li></ul>

Some of these players (e.g., foobar2000, Winamp, and VLC) also support the decoding of ADTS (Audio Data Transport Stream) using the <a href="SHOUTcast" class="mw-redirect" title="SHOUTcast">SHOUTcast</a> protocol. Plug-ins for Winamp and foobar2000 enable the creation of such streams.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_HDTV_broadcasting">Use in HDTV broadcasting</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese_ISDB-T">Japanese ISDB-T</h4></div>

In December 2003, Japan started broadcasting terrestrial DTV <a href="ISDB-T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISDB-T">ISDB-T</a> standard that implements MPEG-2 video and MPEG-2 AAC audio.

In April 2006 Japan started broadcasting the ISDB-T mobile sub-program, called 1seg, that was the first implementation of video H.264/AVC with audio HE-AAC in Terrestrial HDTV broadcasting service on the planet.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_ISDB-Tb">International ISDB-Tb</h4></div>

In December 2007, Brazil started broadcasting terrestrial DTV standard called International <a href="ISDB-Tb" class="mw-redirect" title="ISDB-Tb">ISDB-Tb</a> that implements video coding H.264/AVC with audio AAC-LC on main program (single or multi) and video H.264/AVC with audio HE-AACv2 in the 1seg mobile sub-program.

The <a href="ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a>, the standards governing body for the <a href="Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB suite</a>, supports AAC, HE-AAC and HE-AAC v2 audio coding in DVB applications since at least 2004.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> DVB broadcasts which use the <a href="H.264" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264">H.264</a> compression for video normally use HE-AAC for audio.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware">Hardware</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="iTunes_and_iPod">iTunes and iPod</h4></div>

In April 2003, <a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> brought mainstream attention to AAC by announcing that its <a href="ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> and <a href="IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a> products would support songs in MPEG-4 AAC format (via a <a href="Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> update for older iPods). Customers could download music in a closed-source <a href="Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> (DRM)-restricted form of 128 kbit/s AAC (see <a href="FairPlay" title="FairPlay">FairPlay</a>) via the <a href="ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a> or create files without DRM from their own CDs using iTunes. In later years, Apple began offering music videos and movies, which also use AAC for audio encoding.

On May 29, 2007, Apple began selling songs and music videos from participating record labels at higher bitrate (256 kbit/s cVBR) and free of DRM, a format dubbed "iTunes Plus" . These files mostly adhere to the AAC standard and are playable on many non-Apple products but they do include custom iTunes information such as <a href="Album_artwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Album artwork">album artwork</a> and a purchase receipt, so as to identify the customer in case the file is leaked out onto <a href="Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> networks. It is possible, however, to remove these custom tags to restore interoperability with players that conform strictly to the AAC specification. As of January 6, 2009, nearly all music on the USA regioned iTunes Store became DRM-free, with the remainder becoming DRM-free by the end of March 2009.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a>

iTunes offers a "Variable Bit Rate" encoding option which encodes AAC tracks in the <a href="Average_bitrate" title="Average bitrate">Constrained Variable Bitrate</a> scheme (a less strict variant of ABR encoding); the underlying QuickTime API does offer a true VBR encoding profile however.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a>

As of September 2009, Apple has added support for <a href="HE-AAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HE-AAC">HE-AAC</a> (which is fully part of the MP4 standard) only for radio streams, not file playback, and iTunes still lacks support for true VBR encoding.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_portable_players">Other portable players</h4></div>

<ul><li><a href="Archos" title="Archos">Archos</a></li>

<li><a href="Cowon" title="Cowon">Cowon</a> (unofficially supported on some models)</li>

<li><a href="Creative_Zen" title="Creative Zen">Creative Zen</a> Portable</li>

<li><a href="Fiio" title="Fiio">Fiio</a> (all current models)</li>

<li><a href="Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a></li>

<li><a href="Nintendo_DSi" title="Nintendo DSi">Nintendo DSi</a></li>

<li><a href="Philips_GoGear" title="Philips GoGear">Philips GoGear</a> Muse</li>

<li><a href="PlayStation_Portable" title="PlayStation Portable">PlayStation Portable</a> (PSP) with firmware 2.0 or greater</li>

<li><a href="Samsung_YEPP" title="Samsung YEPP">Samsung YEPP</a></li>

<li><a href="SanDisk_Sansa" class="mw-redirect" title="SanDisk Sansa">SanDisk Sansa</a> (some models)</li>

<li><a href="Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a></li>

<li>Any portable player that fully supports the <a href="Rockbox" title="Rockbox">Rockbox</a> third party firmware</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mobile_phones">Mobile phones</h4></div>

For a number of years, many mobile phones from manufacturers such as <a href="Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>, <a href="Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, <a href="Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, <a href="Sony_Ericsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Ericsson">Sony Ericsson</a>, <a href="BenQ-Siemens" class="mw-redirect" title="BenQ-Siemens">BenQ-Siemens</a> and <a href="Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> have supported AAC playback. The first such phone was the <a href="Nokia_5510" title="Nokia 5510">Nokia 5510</a> released in 2002 which also plays MP3s. However, this phone was a commercial failure and such phones with integrated music players did not gain mainstream popularity until 2005 when the trend of having AAC as well as MP3 support continued. Most new smartphones and music-themed phones support playback of these formats.

<ul><li><a href="Sony_Ericsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Ericsson">Sony Ericsson</a> phones support various AAC formats in MP4 container. AAC-LC is supported in all phones beginning with <a href="Sony_Ericsson_K700" title="Sony Ericsson K700">K700</a>, phones beginning with <a href="W550" class="mw-redirect" title="W550">W550</a> have support of HE-AAC. The latest devices such as the <a href="P990" class="mw-redirect" title="P990">P990</a>, <a href="K610" class="mw-redirect" title="K610">K610</a>, <a href="W890i" class="mw-redirect" title="W890i">W890i</a> and later support HE-AAC v2.</li>

<li><a href="Nokia_XpressMusic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia XpressMusic">Nokia XpressMusic</a> and other new generation Nokia multimedia phones like N- and E-Series also support AAC format in LC, HE, M4A and HEv2 profiles. These also supports playing LTP-encoded AAC audio.</li>

<li><a href="BlackBerry" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a> phones running the <a href="BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a> operating system support AAC playback natively. Select previous generation <a href="BlackBerry_OS" title="BlackBerry OS">BlackBerry OS</a> devices also support AAC.</li>

<li><a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> supports AAC and FairPlay protected AAC files formerly used as the default encoding format in the iTunes Store until the <a href="FairPlay#Announcement_of_FairPlay_restrictions_removal" title="FairPlay">removal of DRM restrictions in March 2009</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> 2.3<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> and later supports AAC-LC, HE-AAC and HE-AAC v2 in MP4 or M4A containers along with several other audio formats. Android 3.1 and later supports raw ADTS files. Android 4.1 can encode AAC.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></li>

<li><a href="WebOS" title="WebOS">WebOS</a> by HP/Palm supports AAC, AAC+, eAAC+, and .m4a containers in its native music player as well as several third-party players. However, it does not support Apple's FairPlay DRM files downloaded from iTunes.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a>'s <a href="Silverlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Silverlight">Silverlight</a> runtime supports AAC-LC, HE-AAC and HE-AAC v2 decoding.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_devices">Other devices</h4></div>

<ul><li><a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>: Supports AAC and FairPlay protected AAC files used as the default encoding format in the iTunes Store</li>

<li><a href="Palm_OS" title="Palm OS">Palm OS</a> <a href="Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDAs</a>: Many Palm OS based PDAs and smartphones can play AAC and HE-AAC with the 3rd party software Pocket Tunes. Version 4.0, released in December 2006, added support for native AAC and HE-AAC files. The AAC codec for <a href="TCPMP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCPMP">TCPMP</a>, a popular video player, was withdrawn after version 0.66 due to patent issues, but can still be downloaded from sites other than corecodec.org. CorePlayer, the commercial follow-on to TCPMP, includes AAC support. Other Palm OS programs supporting AAC include Kinoma Player and AeroPlayer.</li>

<li><a href="Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a>: Supports AAC either by the native <a href="Windows_Media_Player" title="Windows Media Player">Windows Media Player</a> or by third-party products (TCPMP, CorePlayer)</li>

<li><a href="Epson" title="Epson">Epson</a>: Supports AAC playback in the P-2000 and P-4000 Multimedia/Photo Storage Viewers</li>

<li><a href="Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Reader</a>: plays M4A files containing AAC, and displays metadata created by iTunes. Other Sony products, including the A and E series Network Walkmans, support AAC with firmware updates (released May 2006) while the S series supports it out of the box.</li>

<li><a href="Sonos" title="Sonos">Sonos</a> Digital Media Player: supports playback of AAC files</li>

<li>Barnes & Noble <a href="Nook_Color" title="Nook Color">Nook Color</a>: supports playback of AAC encoded files</li>

<li>Roku <a href="SoundBridge" title="SoundBridge">SoundBridge</a>: a network audio player, supports playback of AAC encoded files</li>

<li><a href="Squeezebox_(network_music_player)" title="Squeezebox (network music player)">Squeezebox</a>: network audio player (made by <a href="Slim_Devices" title="Slim Devices">Slim Devices</a>, a <a href="Logitech" title="Logitech">Logitech</a> company) that supports playback of AAC files</li>

<li><a href="PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a>: supports encoding and decoding of AAC files</li>

<li><a href="Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a>: supports streaming of AAC through the Zune software, and of supported iPods connected through the USB port</li>

<li><a href="Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a>: supports AAC files through version 1.1 of the <a href="Photo_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo Channel">Photo Channel</a> as of December 11, 2007. All AAC profiles and bitrates are supported as long as it is in the .m4a file extension. The 1.1 update removed MP3 compatibility, but according to Nintendo, users who have installed this may freely downgrade to the old version if they wish.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a></li>

<li><a href="Livescribe" title="Livescribe">Livescribe</a> Pulse and Echo Smartpens: record and store audio in AAC format. The audio files can be replayed using the pen's integrated speaker, attached headphones, or on a computer using the Livescribe Desktop software. The AAC files are stored in the user's "My Documents" folder of the Windows OS and can be distributed and played without specialized hardware or software from Livescribe.</li>

<li>Google <a href="Chromecast" title="Chromecast">Chromecast</a>: supports playback of LC-AAC and HE-AAC audio<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_audio_coding_formats" title="Comparison of audio coding formats">Comparison of audio coding formats</a></li>

<li><a href="MPEG-4_Part_14" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">MPEG-4 Part 14</a> (container format)</li>

<li><a href="Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a> and <a href="Opus_(audio_codec)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opus (audio codec)">Opus</a> – <a href="Royalty-free" title="Royalty-free">royalty-free</a> lossy competitors to AAC</li>

<li><a href="Windows_Media_Audio" title="Windows Media Audio">Windows Media Audio</a> – a competing lossy codec</li>

<li><a href="E-AC-3" class="mw-redirect" title="E-AC-3">Dolby E-AC-3</a> – another lossy compression scheme</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> only used on web player, <a href="Google_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Home">Google Home</a>, <a href="Amazon_Alexa" title="Amazon Alexa">Amazon Alexa</a>, and <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> app.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFISO1997" class="citation web cs1"><a href="ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=25040">"ISO/IEC 13818-7:1997, Information technology — Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information — Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120925194258/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=25040">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-09-25. Retrieved 2010-07-18.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation techreport cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000114.shtml">Advanced Audio Coding (MPEG-4)</a> (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 22 June 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:3-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stereophile.com/news/11361/index.html">"AAC in the Chips"</a>. Stereophile.com. 2002-06-09. Retrieved 2025-04-11.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000823164039/http://www.aac-audio.com/pdf/m.pr.0003.AACInauguration.pdf">"Dolby Laboratories Announces AAC Support Program"</a> (PDF). 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aac-audio.com/pdf/m.pr.0003.AACInauguration.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 August 2000.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=63900">"MP3's Competitors Line Up"</a>. Streaming Media Magazine. 2001-04-17. Retrieved 2025-04-11.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-mpeg2-6"><a href="#cite_ref-mpeg2_6-0">^</a> ISO (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=43345">ISO/IEC 13818-7:2006 – Information technology — Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information — Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183701/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=43345">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved on 2009-08-06

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-2.3-highlights.html">"Gingerbread - Android Developers"</a>. Android Developers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171229061610/https://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-2.3-highlights.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.android.com/guide/appendix/media-formats.html">"Supported media formats - Android Developers"</a>. Android Developers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311121312/http://developer.android.com/guide/appendix/media-formats.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524144931/http://www.palm.com/us/products/phones/pre/#techspecs">"Palm Pre Phone / Features, Details"</a>. Palm USA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palm.com/us/products/phones/pre/#techspecs">the original</a> on 2011-05-24.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendo.com/consumer/systems/wii/en_na/channelsPhoto.jsp#photo1.1">"Nintendo - Customer Service - Wii - Photo Channel"</a>. nintendo.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170505150346/https://www.nintendo.com/consumer/systems/wii/en_na/channelsPhoto.jsp#photo1.1">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developers.google.com/cast/docs/media">"Supported Media for Google Cast"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923004649/https://developers.google.com/cast/docs/media">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-09-22.</cite> | Supported Media for Google Cast

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/bf/amm/produkte/audiocodec.html">Fraunhofer audio codecs</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audiocoding.com/">AudioCoding.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060825230111/https://www.audiocoding.com/">Archived</a> 2006-08-25 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – home of FAAC and FAAD2</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mpeg.chiariglione.org/">Official MPEG web site</a></li>

<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AAC_profiles.svg" class="extiw external" title="commons:File:AAC profiles.svg">AAC improvements and extensions (2004)</a></li>

<li><a href="RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3016">3016</a> - RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Audio/Visual Streams</li>

<li><a href="RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3640">3640</a> - RTP Payload Format for Transport of MPEG-4 Elementary Streams</li>

<li><a href="RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4281">4281</a> - The Codecs Parameter for "Bucket" Media Types</li>

<li><a href="RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4337">4337</a> - MIME Type Registration for MPEG-4</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Multimedia_compression_and_container_formats462" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a> <a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">compression</a> and <a href="Container_format_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container format (computing)">container</a> formats</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">Video compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <a href="Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Motion_JPEG" title="Motion JPEG">MJPEG</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">Motion JPEG 2000</a></li>

<li>MPEG-I

<li><a href="LCEVC" title="LCEVC">Part 2 / LCEVC</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>, <a href="Video_Coding_Experts_Group" title="Video Coding Experts Group">VCEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>H.267 / Enhanced Compression Model</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="On2_Technologies" title="On2 Technologies">TrueMotion</a> and AOMedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="On2_Technologies#TrueMotion_S" title="On2 Technologies">TrueMotion S</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Chinese Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2 P2</a>(GB/T 33475.2,GY/T 299.1)

<ul><li>HDR Vivid(GY/T 358)</li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apple_Video" title="Apple Video">Apple Video</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinepak" title="Cinepak">Cinepak</a></li>

<li><a href="Daala" title="Daala">Daala</a></li>

<li><a href="Huffyuv" title="Huffyuv">Huffyuv</a></li>

<li><a href="Indeo" title="Indeo">Indeo</a></li>

<li><a href="Lagarith" title="Lagarith">Lagarith</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Video_1" title="Microsoft Video 1">Microsoft Video 1</a></li>

<li><a href="MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec" title="MSU Lossless Video Codec">MSU Lossless</a></li>

<li><a href="OMS_Video" title="OMS Video">OMS Video</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixlet" title="Pixlet">Pixlet</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_ProRes" title="Apple ProRes">ProRes</a>

<li>QuickTime

<ul><li><a href="QuickTime_Animation" title="QuickTime Animation">Animation</a></li>

<li><a href="QuickTime_Graphics" title="QuickTime Graphics">Graphics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="RealVideo" title="RealVideo">RealVideo</a></li>

<li><a href="RTVideo" title="RTVideo">RTVideo</a></li>

<li><a href="SheerVideo" title="SheerVideo">SheerVideo</a></li>

<li><a href="Smacker_video" title="Smacker video">Smacker</a></li>

<li><a href="Sorenson_Media" title="Sorenson Media">Sorenson Video/Spark</a></li>

<li><a href="Theora" title="Theora">Theora</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">Audio compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <a href="Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Layer II</a>

<ul><li><a href="MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">Multichannel</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_I" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer I">MPEG-1 Layer I</a></li>

<li><a href="MP3" title="MP3">MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)</a></li>

<li>

<li><a href="MPEG_Surround" title="MPEG Surround">MPEG Surround</a></li>

<li><a href="MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Speex" title="Speex">Speex</a></li>

<li><a href="Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Bluetooth_Special_Interest_Group" title="Bluetooth Special Interest Group">Bluetooth SIG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2 P3</a>(GB/T 33475.3)

<ul><li>Audio Vivid(GY/T 363)</li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li>

<li><a href="Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding">ATRAC</a></li>

<li><a href="Codec_2" title="Codec 2">Codec 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Monkey's_Audio" title="Monkey's Audio">Monkey's Audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Musepack" title="Musepack">Musepack</a></li>

<li><a href="OptimFROG" title="OptimFROG">OptimFROG</a></li>

<li><a href="Qualcomm_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Qualcomm code-excited linear prediction">QCELP</a></li>

<li><a href="Relaxed_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Relaxed code-excited linear prediction">RCELP</a></li>

<li><a href="RealAudio" title="RealAudio">RealAudio</a></li>

<li><a href="Siren_(codec)" title="Siren (codec)">Siren</a></li>

<li><a href="SVOPC" title="SVOPC">SVOPC</a></li>

<li>TTA

<ul><li>True Audio</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="TwinVQ" title="TwinVQ">TwinVQ</a></li>

<li><a href="Vector_sum_excited_linear_prediction" title="Vector sum excited linear prediction">VSELP</a></li>

<li><a href="WavPack" title="WavPack">WavPack</a></li>

<li><a href="AptX#aptX_Low_Latency" title="AptX">aptX Low Latency</a></li>

<li><a href="AptX#aptX_Adaptive" title="AptX">aptX Adaptive</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>, <a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a>, <a href="ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>, <a href="Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">JPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Group_4_compression" title="Group 4 compression">CCITT Group 4</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Digital_container_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital container format">Containers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_base_media_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC base media file format">ISO/IEC base media file format</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">Motion JPEG 2000</a></li>

<li><a href="MPEG_media_transport" title="MPEG media transport">MPEG media transport</a></li></ul>

<li><a href="Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Smacker_video" title="Smacker video">Smacker</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="DivX#DivX_Media_Format_(DMF)" title="DivX">DivX Media Format</a></li>

<li><a href="Flash_Video" title="Flash Video">Flash Video</a></li>

<li><a href="Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a>

<li><a href="QuickTime_File_Format" title="QuickTime File Format">QuickTime File Format</a></li>

<li><a href="RatDVD" title="RatDVD">RatDVD</a></li>

<li><a href="RealMedia" title="RealMedia">RealMedia</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collaborations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="NETVC" title="NETVC">NETVC</a></li>

<li><a href="Alliance_for_Open_Media" title="Alliance for Open Media">Alliance for Open Media</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">Methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Entropy_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Entropy encoding">Entropy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">Arithmetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman</a></li>

<li><a href="Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li>

<li><a href="Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">Lossless</a></li>

<li><a href="Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="DEFLATE" class="mw-redirect" title="DEFLATE">DEFLATE</a></li>

<li><a href="Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li>

<li><a href="Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">Transforms</a>

<li><a href="Wavelet" title="Wavelet">Wavelet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_audio_coding_formats" title="Comparison of audio coding formats">Comparison of audio coding formats</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_video_codecs" title="Comparison of video codecs">Comparison of video codecs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_codecs" title="List of codecs">List of codecs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See Compression methods for techniques and Compression software for codecs</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="MPEG_(Moving_Picture_Experts_Group)397" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="MPEG_(Moving_Picture_Experts_Group)397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:115%;"><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-1 Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Part 1: Systems

<ul><li><a href="MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">Program stream</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Part 2: Video

<ul><li>based on <a href="H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Part 3: Audio

<ul><li><a href="MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_I" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer I">Layer I</a></li>

<li><a href="MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">Layer II</a></li>

<li><a href="MP3" title="MP3">Layer III</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-2 Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Part 1: Systems (H.222.0)

<ul><li><a href="MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">Transport stream</a></li>

<li><a href="MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">Program stream</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">Part 2: Video (H.262)</a></li>

<li><a href="MPEG-2_Part_3" title="MPEG-2 Part 3">Part 3: Audio</a>

<ul><li><a href="MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_I" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer I">Layer I</a></li>

<li><a href="MPEG-2_Audio_Layer_II" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-2 Audio Layer II">Layer II</a></li>

<li><a href="MP3" title="MP3">Layer III</a></li>

<li><a href="MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">MPEG Multichannel</a></li></ul></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-4 Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">Part 2: Video</a>

<ul><li>based on <a href="H.263" title="H.263">H.263</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">Part 3: Audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">Part 10: Advanced Video Coding (H.264)</a></li>

<li><a href="MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">Part 11: Scene description</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">Part 12: ISO base media file format</a></li>

<li><a href="MPEG-4_Part_14" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">Part 14: MP4 file format</a></li>

<li><a href="MPEG-4_Part_17" title="MPEG-4 Part 17">Part 17: Streaming text format</a></li>

<li><a href="MPEG-4_Part_20" title="MPEG-4 Part 20">Part 20: LASeR</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Font_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Font Format">Part 22: Open Font Format</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Video_Coding" title="Internet Video Coding">Part 33: Internet Video Coding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-7 Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Description_Definition_Language" title="Description Definition Language">Part 2: Description definition language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-21 Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Digital_Item" title="Digital Item">Parts 2, 3 and 9: Digital Item</a></li>

<li><a href="Rights_Expression_Language" title="Rights Expression Language">Part 5: Rights Expression Language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-D Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MPEG_Surround" title="MPEG Surround">Part 1: MPEG Surround</a></li>

<li><a href="Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding" title="Unified Speech and Audio Coding">Part 3: Unified Speech and Audio Coding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-G Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">Part 1: Transport and Storage of Genomic Information</a></li>

<li><a href="MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">Part 2: Coding of Genomic Information</a></li>

<li><a href="MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">Part 4: Reference Software</a></li>

<li><a href="MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">Part 5: Conformance</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-H Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MPEG_media_transport" title="MPEG media transport">Part 1: MPEG media transport</a></li>

<li><a href="High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">Part 2: High Efficiency Video Coding (H.265)</a></li>

<li><a href="MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">Part 3: MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li>

<li><a href="High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">Part 12: High Efficiency Image File Format</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-I Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">Part 3: Versatile Video Coding (H.266)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-5 Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">Part 1: Essential Video Coding</a></li>

<li><a href="LCEVC" title="LCEVC">Part 2: Low Complexity Enhancement Video Coding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">MPEG-DASH</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High-definition_(HD)301" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="High-definition_(HD)301" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">High-definition (HD)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">High-definition television</a></li>

<li><a href="High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">High-definition video</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra-high-definition television</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resolutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">2160p (4K Ultra HD)</a></li>

<li><a href="8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">4320p (8K Ultra HD)</a></li>

<li><a href="16K_resolution" title="16K resolution">8640p (16K Ultra HD)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">Analog broadcast</a> (All defunct)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">819 line system</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE (Hi-Vision)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital broadcast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">SBTVD</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">Surround sound</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Filming and storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="High-definition_pre-recorded_media_and_compression" title="High-definition pre-recorded media and compression">HD media and compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Archival_Disc" title="Archival Disc">Archival Disc</a></li>

<li><a href="DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Laserdisc" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc">Hi-Vision LD</a></li>

<li><a href="Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a></li>

<li><a href="Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">Uncompressed</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Component_video" title="Component video">Component</a></li>

<li><a href="DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deployments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_digital_television_deployments_by_country" title="List of digital television deployments by country">List of digital television deployments by country</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Analog_and_digital_audio_broadcasting130" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Analog_and_digital_audio_broadcasting130" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog</a> and <a href="Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> <a href="Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a> <a href="Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulation">modulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">COFDM</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Frequency_allocation" title="Frequency allocation">Frequency allocations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="FMeXtra" title="FMeXtra">FMeXtra</a></li>

<li><a href="HD_Radio" title="HD Radio">HD Radio</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellite</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency allocations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial radio</a> providers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="SiriusXM" title="SiriusXM">SiriusXM</a>

<ul><li><a href="SiriusXM_Canada" title="SiriusXM Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">Codecs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Audio Layer II</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">Subcarrier</a> signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="DirectBand" title="DirectBand">DirectBand</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics252" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical (audio)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Audio_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio data compression">Audio data compression</a></li>

<li><a href="Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">Audio signal processing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical (<a href="AM_stereo" title="AM stereo">AM stereo</a> formats)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AM_stereo#Belar_System" title="AM stereo">Belar</a></li>

<li><a href="AM_stereo#Harris_System" title="AM stereo">Harris</a></li>

<li><a href="AM_stereo#Kahn-Hazeltine" title="AM stereo">Kahn-Hazeltine</a></li>

<li><a href="AM_stereo#Magnavox_System" title="AM stereo">Magnavox</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical (emission)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM broadcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="AM_expanded_band" title="AM expanded band">AM expanded band</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">Cable radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Error_detection_and_correction" title="Error detection and correction">Error detection and correction</a></li>

<li><a href="FM_broadcast_band" title="FM broadcast band">FM broadcast band</a></li>

<li><a href="FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM broadcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="FM_extended_band_in_Brazil" title="FM extended band in Brazil">FM extended band in Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Multipath_propagation" title="Multipath propagation">Multipath propagation</a></li>

<li><a href="Shortwave_relay_station" title="Shortwave relay station">Shortwave relay station</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_radio" title="History of radio">History of radio</a></li>

<li><a href="International_broadcasting" title="International broadcasting">International broadcasting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3ARadio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio portal</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_radio_systems" title="Comparison of radio systems">Comparison of radio systems</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox507" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2007010032">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007551901305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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